如何写好英文论文的摘要部分？

　　由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚，因此掌握一些特定的规范表达，甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“ 句型库”(stock phrases)，对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。本文所选取的例句均源于SCI 收录的1992 ～ 2002 年间发表、并在同期具较高被引频次论文( 前100 位)[28]的摘要( 例句的选取时偏重于第一人称和主动语态)。

　　1.1 引言部分：

　　(1)回顾研究背景，常用词汇有：review，summarize，present，outline，describe 等。例如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology andneurobiology of addiction.[Brain Research Reviews，1993，18(3)：247 - 291]This paper outlines some of the basic methods andstrategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.[Annals of Statistics，1994，22(4)：1701 - 1728]

　　(2 )阐明写作或研究目的，常用词汇有：purpose，attempt，aim 等;另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothnessfrom noisy sampled data. [ Journal of the American StatisticalAssociation，1995，90(432)：1200 - 1224]To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2 ˊ s effect， weexamined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. [ Cell，1993，74(4)：609 - 619]

　　(3)介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用的词汇有：study，present，include，focus，emphasize，emphasis，attention等。Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.[Nature，1993，362

　　(6423)：849 - 852]This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying　HERWIG，followed by a description of the program itself. [Computer Physics Communications，1992，67( 3 )：465 - 508]

　　1. 2 方法部分

　　(1)介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有：test，study，investigate，examine，experiment，discuss，consider，analyze，analysis 等。We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony.[Astrophysical Journal，1996，462(2)：563 - 575]We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr( 535-day ) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. [ Physical Review Letters，1998，81( 8 )：1562 -1567]

　　(2 )说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有：measure，estimate，calculate 等。

　　We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources ( NVOC ).[Journal of Geophysical Research - Atomspheres，1995，100(D5)：8873 - 8892]This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey，[Archives of General Psychiatry，1994，51(1)：8 - 19]

　　(3)介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有：use，apply，application等。Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteinˊs dnaml program. Computer Applications in the Biosciences，1994，10(1)：41 - 48

　　As an application，we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence，1992，14(7)：710 - 732

　　1. 3 结果部分

　　(1)展示研究结果，常用词汇有：show，result，present 等。We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis.[Cell，1992，69(1)：119 - 128]Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxidecyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.[Neuroscience，1992，46(4)：755 - 784]

　　(2 )介绍结论，常用词汇有：summary， introduce，conclude 等。We introduce a procedure，SureShrink，that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients.[Journal of the American Statistical Association，1995，90(432)：1200- 1224]By means of informal mathematical arguments，simulations and a series of worked examples，we conclude that PQL is of ractical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model.[Journal of the American Statistical Association，1993，88(421)：9 -25]

　　1. 4 讨论部分

　　(1)陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有：suggest，report，present，explain，expect，describe 等。

　　(2)阐明论证。常用词汇有：support，provide，indicate，identify，find，demonstrate，confirm，clarify 等。

　　(3)推荐和建议，常用词汇有：suggest，suggestion，recommend，recommendation，propose，necessity，necessary，expect 等。

　　总之，要清楚Abstracts是paper的一个缩写(miniature of whole paper)，一定要简明扼要(less than 200 words,one paragraph)，按照paper的顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计(design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够(non-specialist)看懂。